胡適留學日記卷十三二五、得國際睦誼會徵文獎金

卷十三二五、得國際睦誼會徵文獎金

　　（七月十二日追記）

　　有國際睦誼會（American Association for International Conciliation）懸賞徵文，擬題凡四。其一為「Is there a substitute for force in international relations？」吾以此題可藉以發表吾一年來對於武力問題之思想變遷，故作一文投之。作文之時，適君武先生在此，日夜不得暇，每至半夜以後，客散人靜時，始得偷閒為之，草草完篇。但以既已作始，不欲棄置之，初不作奢望也。然此文竟得獎金百元，則真可謂倘來之財矣。

　　此文受安吉爾與杜威兩先生的影響最大，大旨約略如下：

　　IS THERE A SUBSTITUTE FOR FORCE IN INTERNATIONAL REIATIONS？

　　Ⅰ．(1) "A substitute for force" meaning a substitute which shall not involve a use of force—such a substitute there is none.

　　(2) Even the doctrine of non-resistance can only mean that, as Dewey points out, "under given conditions, passive resistance is more effective resistance than overt resistance would be. "

　　(3) The real problem is to seek a more economical and therefore more efficient way of employing force：a substitute for the present crude form and wasteful use of force.

　　Ⅱ．(1) What is the trouble with the world is not that force prevails, but that force does not prevail. The present war, which is the greatest display of force ever undertaken by mankind, has only resulted in a dead lock. Has force prevailed？

　　(2) Why force has not prevailed？Because force has been wasted. Force has been so used as to create for itself a host of rival forces which tend to cancel itself.Under the present system, force is employed to resist force and is canceled in the process of mutual resistance and results in total waste and sterility.

　　(3) In order that force may prevail, it must be organized and regulated and directed toward some common object.

　　(4) Government by law is an example of organized force.

　　(5) Organization of force avoids waste and secures efficiency.

　　(6) The organizing of the forces of the nations for the enforcement of international law and peace.

　　Ⅲ．Some details of the plan.

　　〔中譯〕

　　解決國際爭端有武力之外的方式嗎？

　　Ⅰ．（1）「武力之替代物」一語，即意味著該替代物不包括武力之使用，因而如此的替代物是沒有的。

　　（2）正如杜威所指出，就連不抵抗主義的學說也能明白，「在一定的條件下，消極抗爭要比公開抗爭更為有效」。

　　（3）真正的問題在於尋找一種更為經濟因而更為有效的使用武力的方法，一種能替代現下粗野、浪費的武力使用方法之方法。

　　Ⅱ．（1）這個世界所遇到的麻煩並不在於武力占了上風，恰恰在於武力不占上風。今天的戰爭使用了前所未有的強大的武力，但其結果只是鑄成了一把打不開的死鎖。難道武力能說是占了上風嗎？

　　（2）為什麼武力未占上風？其原因在於它只是被白白浪費掉了。武力使用只是為自己樹了一大幫結為死仇的敵手。在現今的體制下，武力與武力相對抗，並在相互對抗中遭到消滅，從而毫無用處地白白浪費。

　　（3）為使武力得以占上風，必須組織起來進行調整，將其引向某個共同的目標。

　　（4）合法政府是將武力組織起來的一個例證。

　　（5）武力之組織避免了浪費，並取得成效。

　　（6）把各國武力組織起來，強制推行國際間的法律和和平。

　　Ⅲ．計劃的一些細節。

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