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卷十六 二、讀厄克登致媚利書信


  (三月廿七日)

  月前在舊書攤上得一書,為英國厄克登勳爵(Lord Acton 1834—1902)寄格蘭斯頓之女媚利之書(媚利後嫁為朱魯〔Drew〕夫人)。厄氏為十九世紀英國第一博學名宿,尤長於史學。後為康橋大學史學院長,今康橋所出之《康橋近世史》,即其所計劃者也。

  厄氏有「蠹魚」之名,以其博學而不著書也。其所欲著之《自由史》終身不能成,朱魯夫人戲以「將來之聖母」稱之。(「聖母」者,耶穌之母,古畫家如拉飛爾皆喜用以為畫題。英文豪詹姆斯〔Henry James,本美國人〕有名著小說曰《將來之聖母》,記一畫家得一美人,將用以為「聖母」之法本,瞻視之二十年不敢下筆,而美人已老,畫師之工力亦消亡,遂擲筆而死)

  然吾讀此諸函,論英國時政極詳,極多中肯之言。雖在異域,如親在議會。其關心時政之切,其見事之明,皆足一洗其「蠹魚」之謗矣。

  人言格蘭斯頓影響人最大,獨厄氏能影響格氏耳,其人可想。

  此諸書皆作於五六年之間(1879—1885),而多至八萬言(尚多刪節去者)。其所論大抵皆論學,論文,論政之言也。此亦可見西國男女交際之一端,故記之。

  書中多可采之語,如云:

  The great object in trying to understand history, political, religious, literary or scientific, is to get behind men and to grasp ideas. Ideas have a radiation and development, an ancestry and posterity of their own, in which men play the part of godfathers and godmothers more than that of legitimate parents….Those elements of society must needs react upon the state; that is, try to get political power and use it to qualify the Democracy of the constitution (in France). And the state power must needs try to react on society, to protect itself against the hostile elements. This is a law of Nature, and the vividness and force with which we trace the motion of history depends on the degree to which we look beyond persons and fix our gaze on things…. This is my quarrel with Seeley ("The Expansion of England"). He discerns no Whiggism but only Whigs…. (p. 99—100)

  〔中譯〕

  努力瞭解歷史、政治、宗教和科學的最大目的在於徹底地瞭解人以及掌握人的思想。思想有其輻射和發展,有它的先祖,也有它的後裔,人在其中扮演了教父和教母的角色,而遠非一般意義上的雙親……那些社會的要素必須反作用於國家,也就是力圖取得政治的權力並運用它來證明民主憲法的合法地位(在法國)。而國家權力必須力圖反作用於社會,以保護其自身免受敵對因素的攻擊,這是自然的法則。我們用以追溯歷史發展的勃勃生氣和力量,有賴於我們超出個人著眼於事物的程度。……這就是我與塞利(「英格蘭的擴張」)的爭論之處。他只認識輝格黨人,卻並不瞭解輝格黨黨義。(99—100頁)

  又如其論鄧耐生(Tennyson,大詩人)曰:

  His (Tennyson's) want of reality, his habit of walking on the clouds, the airiness of his metaphysics, the definiteness of his knowledge, his neglect of transitions, the looseness of his political reasoning—all this made up an alarmingcheval de frise… (p.114)

  〔中譯〕

  他(鄧耐生)的現實感的缺乏,他的天馬行空的習慣,他的形而上學的空想,他的知識的局限,他對變遷的視而不見,他對政治思考的不嚴密——所有這些一起構成了嚇人的鐵蒺藜。(114頁)

  此論實甚切當。

  …All understanding of history depends on ones understanding the forces that make it, of which religious forces are the most active and the most definite. (P. 279)

  〔中譯〕

  所有對於歷史的理解依託於對於推動歷史的諸力量的瞭解,這其中最能動的、最確定的便是宗教的力量。(279頁)

  I think that faith implies sincerity, that it is a gift that does not dwell in dishonest minds. To be sincere a man must battle with the causes of error that beset every mind. He must pour constant streams of electric light into the deep recesses where prejudice dwells, and passion, hasty judgments, and wilful blindness deem themselves unseen. He must continually grub up the stumps planted by all manners of unrevised influence. (p. 279—280)

  〔中譯〕

  我認為信仰就意味著誠實。這種天賦的特性不會寓居不誠實的心靈之中。一個誠實的人必須與困擾心靈的錯誤的根源作鬥爭。他必須不斷將電光照射進偏見藏匿的幽深之處。激情、倉促的判斷和固執的視而不見必將蒙蔽一切。他必須不斷地根除那些由各種各樣未經周密的思考的思想影響造成的殘餘。(279—280頁)

  讀此節可想見其人。


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